Production System: Why There are Different Petroleum Types in Reservoirs
This post is an elaboration of the "Petroleum Production System" slide which I share in my previous post [CLICK HERE]. This explanation will fit the best if you want to present the "Petroleum Production System" slide at page 7
The layer of formation which has been drilled will be classified as reservoir if it traps sufficient amount of hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbon, or commonly known as oil and gas, is a molecule with composition of chemical elements hydrogen (H) and carbon (C). Oil and gas made up of these two elements, with very diverse proportions. The Oil deposits found in one place will very rarely be found in other places with the same composition.
There are many factors effecting the composition of the hydrocarbon, including the history of the maturation. Hydrocarbon itself consists of a liquid phase (oil) and a gas phase, depending on the reservoir condition it takes place (pressure and temperature). Changes in reservoir conditions will result in a phase change as well as the physical properties change of reservoir fluids.
Because there are very different composition of hydrocarbon,
also because of the reservoir conditions are vary from one reservoir to other
reservoir, that is why we cannot expect type of hydrocarbon in the reservoir we
found. The hydrocarbon properties we need to measure extensively will be about
the density and specific gravity, viscosity, formation volume factor, gas
solubility, compressibility, and bubble /dew point pressure. The measurement
can be done in the field or in laboratories.
In the petroleum industry, there are 5 types of fluid
reservoirs that have different types and characteristics. 5 types of reservoir
fluid are
A. Dry gas
In the dry gas, the main component is methane, which is very
light. That is why the hydrocarbon state
in the reservoir will be gas. in fact, it remains in gas state from reservoir to
the surface. All properties from the reservoir to the surface does not change.
Based on field data, this reservoir has an initial GOR ≥ 100,000 scf / STB and
content of heptane plus of 0.7% mole
B. Wet gas
The main content of the reservoir is generally similar to
the dry gas, just more portion of intermediate hydrocarbon content (C2 - C4). In
reservoir, the state of hydrocarbons is gas, but at the time it flow to the
surface, condensation is happened due to the decrease in pressure and
temperature. Condensate that forms on the surface from the wet gas is fairly expensive because it contain short-chain hydrocarbons which have a greater
heating value. Based on the results of field data, this reservoir has a GOR of
70000-100000 scf / stb with more than 50 degrees API
C. Retrograde gas
The components are mostly filled with methane and intermediate
hydrocarbon. The phase in reservoir is gas. Retrograde gas is unique because
the liquid phase will be increased as the temperature and pressure decreased (whether
the pressure in reservoir decreased or because it flow to the surface), but if
the pressure continues to fall, then some of the liquid back to gas. That is
why the properties in reservoirs will be different than on the surface. The GOR
is from 8000 to 70,000 scf / stb with initial Specific Gravity Stock Tank
Oil> 40 API.
D. Black Oil
The majority of the oil reservoir is in the form of black
oil. The other name for black oil is low shrinkage oil, which means a slight
reduction of pressure resulted in a slight decrease in the percentage of liquid
phase.
E. Volatile Oil
The other name is high shrinkage oil which means a slight
reduction of pressure resulted in a large decrease in the percentage of liquid
phase. The GOR is from 2000 to 3300 scf / stb, The oil SG is about 30-50 API.
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