Introduction This is the schematic picture of petroleum production system. The production system is the system that transports reservoir fluids from the subsurface reservoir to the surface, processes and treats the fluids, and prepares the fluids for storage and transfer to the market. As shown in the picture, the basic elements of the production system start from Reservoir, Wellbore, Surface wellhead, flowlines, and processing equipment. A ‘‘reservoir’’ is a porous and permeable underground formation containing an individual bank of hydrocarbons confined by impermeable rock or water barriers and is characterized by a single natural pressure system. Oil and gas wells are drilled like an upside-down telescope. The large-diameter borehole section is at the top of the well. Each section is cased to the surface, or a liner is placed in the well that laps over the last casing in the well. Each casing or liner is cemented into the well (usually up to at least wher
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